See sad in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
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"templates": [
{
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"2": "sad"
},
"expansion": "English: sad",
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"text": "English: sad"
},
{
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{
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"2": "sad"
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"expansion": "Scots: sad",
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"text": "Scots: sad"
},
{
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{
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"2": "sad",
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],
"text": "→ Welsh: sad"
}
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{
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"2": "ine-pro",
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},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-",
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}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English sæd, from Proto-West Germanic *sad, from Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sadde",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadde",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "saddere",
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"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "saddest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "saad",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sadd",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "zed",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sæd",
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"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "sead",
"tags": [
"alternative",
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{
"form": "sed",
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"8": "saddest",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "sad (plural and weak singular sadde, comparative saddere, superlative saddest)",
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{
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],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "saden"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sadnesse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sadly"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"sated, weary (having had enough)"
],
"id": "en-sad-enm-adj-WFr8LZXK",
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[
"sated",
"sated"
],
[
"weary",
"weary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"sated, weary (having had enough) [from 9th c.]"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard:",
"steady, enduring"
],
"id": "en-sad-enm-adj-pU5kyjNh",
"links": [
[
"firm",
"firm"
],
[
"solid",
"solid"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"steady",
"steady"
],
[
"enduring",
"enduring"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]",
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},
{
"glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard:",
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[
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"firm"
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[
"solid",
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"hard",
"hard"
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"intense",
"intense"
],
[
"powerful",
"powerful"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]",
"intense, powerful, severe"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard:",
"secure (inspiring trust)"
],
"id": "en-sad-enm-adj-QS-1W22S",
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"firm",
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"solid"
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"hard"
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],
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"trust",
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]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]",
"secure (inspiring trust)"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard:",
"dense, thick, tightly-packed"
],
"id": "en-sad-enm-adj-6-fw44kZ",
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"firm",
"firm"
],
[
"solid",
"solid"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"dense",
"dense"
],
[
"thick",
"thick"
],
[
"tightly",
"tightly"
],
[
"packed",
"packed"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]",
"dense, thick, tightly-packed"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
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"kind": "other",
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"orig": "enm:Thinking",
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
8
]
],
"ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xlix, verso, column 2, line 4:",
"text": "[…]ſadde and rype corage[…]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"considered, thoughtful, serious"
],
"id": "en-sad-enm-adj-G0KU8jxz",
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[
"considered",
"considered"
],
[
"thoughtful",
"thoughtful"
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"serious",
"serious"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"considered, thoughtful, serious [from 14th c.]"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sad (inspiring or having sorrow)"
],
"id": "en-sad-enm-adj-iUMDgECp",
"links": [
[
"sad",
"sad#English"
],
[
"sorrow",
"sorrow#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"sad (inspiring or having sorrow) [from 14th c.]"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"authentic, true, genuine"
],
"id": "en-sad-enm-adj-wmpVtRgQ",
"links": [
[
"authentic",
"authentic"
],
[
"true",
"true"
],
[
"genuine",
"genuine"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"authentic, true, genuine [from 15th c.]"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 14 8 13 7 11 8 0 19 0 0 0 0 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Colors",
"orig": "enm:Colors",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dark, deep"
],
"id": "en-sad-enm-adj-KfwEjyGl",
"links": [
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"deep",
"deep"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of colors) dark, deep [from 15th c.]"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of colors"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sad/"
},
{
"ipa": "/saːd/"
}
],
"word": "sad"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sad",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "English: sad (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: sad (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "sad"
},
"expansion": "Scots: sad",
"name": "desc"
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"text": "Scots: sad"
}
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}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English sæd, from Proto-West Germanic *sad, from Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "saddere",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "saad",
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"alternative"
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},
{
"form": "sadd",
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{
"form": "zed",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sæd",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "sead",
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"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
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"5": "",
"6": "{{{2}}}",
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},
"expansion": "sad (comparative saddere)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "saddere"
},
"expansion": "sad (comparative saddere)",
"name": "enm-adv"
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],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 6 6 6 6 7 4 5 1 16 0 17 0 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
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{
"_dis": "2 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 26 0 29 0 3 23",
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],
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"firmly, solidly, steadily"
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"id": "en-sad-enm-adv-I1OYoD5L",
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[
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[
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{
"glosses": [
"strongly, intensely"
],
"id": "en-sad-enm-adv-gzpEAmpM",
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[
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[
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{
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[
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"consideredly",
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]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sadly (in a sorrowful way)"
],
"id": "en-sad-enm-adv-c-jtsdfP",
"links": [
[
"sadly",
"sadly"
],
[
"sorrowful",
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]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sad/"
},
{
"ipa": "/saːd/"
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],
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}
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"lang_code": "enm",
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{
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{
"extra": "seed",
"word": "seed"
}
],
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],
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"(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seed (“seed”)"
],
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"word": "saden"
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{
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],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of saden"
],
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"links": [
[
"saden",
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]
],
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],
"word": "sad"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Middle English adverbs",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
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"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
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"expansion": "English: sad",
"name": "desc"
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},
{
"depth": 1,
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{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "sad"
},
"expansion": "Scots: sad",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: sad"
},
{
"depth": 1,
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{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "sad",
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"expansion": "→ Welsh: sad",
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}
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"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
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},
{
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*seh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English sæd, from Proto-West Germanic *sad, from Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sadde",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadde",
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"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "saddere",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "saddest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "saad",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sadd",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "zed",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sæd",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "sead",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "sed",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
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{
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"8": "saddest",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "sad (plural and weak singular sadde, comparative saddere, superlative saddest)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
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"3": "saddest"
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"name": "enm-adj"
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],
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"lang_code": "enm",
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{
"word": "saden"
},
{
"word": "sadnesse"
},
{
"word": "sadly"
}
],
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{
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"sated, weary (having had enough)"
],
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[
"sated",
"sated"
],
[
"weary",
"weary"
]
],
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"sated, weary (having had enough) [from 9th c.]"
]
},
{
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"firm, solid, hard:",
"steady, enduring"
],
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[
"firm",
"firm"
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"solid",
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[
"hard",
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[
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"steady"
],
[
"enduring",
"enduring"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]",
"steady, enduring"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard:",
"intense, powerful, severe"
],
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[
"firm",
"firm"
],
[
"solid",
"solid"
],
[
"hard",
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[
"intense",
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],
[
"powerful",
"powerful"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]",
"intense, powerful, severe"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard:",
"secure (inspiring trust)"
],
"links": [
[
"firm",
"firm"
],
[
"solid",
"solid"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"secure",
"secure"
],
[
"trust",
"trust#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]",
"secure (inspiring trust)"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard:",
"dense, thick, tightly-packed"
],
"links": [
[
"firm",
"firm"
],
[
"solid",
"solid"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"dense",
"dense"
],
[
"thick",
"thick"
],
[
"tightly",
"tightly"
],
[
"packed",
"packed"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]",
"dense, thick, tightly-packed"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
8
]
],
"ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xlix, verso, column 2, line 4:",
"text": "[…]ſadde and rype corage[…]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"considered, thoughtful, serious"
],
"links": [
[
"considered",
"considered"
],
[
"thoughtful",
"thoughtful"
],
[
"serious",
"serious"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"considered, thoughtful, serious [from 14th c.]"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sad (inspiring or having sorrow)"
],
"links": [
[
"sad",
"sad#English"
],
[
"sorrow",
"sorrow#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"sad (inspiring or having sorrow) [from 14th c.]"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"authentic, true, genuine"
],
"links": [
[
"authentic",
"authentic"
],
[
"true",
"true"
],
[
"genuine",
"genuine"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"authentic, true, genuine [from 15th c.]"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"dark, deep"
],
"links": [
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"deep",
"deep"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of colors) dark, deep [from 15th c.]"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of colors"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sad/"
},
{
"ipa": "/saːd/"
}
],
"word": "sad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adjectives",
"Middle English adverbs",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 21 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Colors",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Thinking"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sad",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "English: sad (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: sad (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "sad"
},
"expansion": "Scots: sad",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: sad"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "sæd"
},
"expansion": "Old English sæd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*sad"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *sad",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*sadaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *sadaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*seh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English sæd, from Proto-West Germanic *sad, from Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "saddere",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "saad",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sadd",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "zed",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sæd",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "sead",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "sed",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adverb",
"3": "comparative",
"4": "saddere",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{2}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "sad (comparative saddere)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "saddere"
},
"expansion": "sad (comparative saddere)",
"name": "enm-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"firmly, solidly, steadily"
],
"links": [
[
"firmly",
"firmly"
],
[
"solidly",
"solidly"
],
[
"steadily",
"steadily"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"strongly, intensely"
],
"links": [
[
"strongly",
"strongly"
],
[
"intensely",
"intensely"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"seriously, consideredly"
],
"links": [
[
"seriously",
"seriously"
],
[
"consideredly",
"consideredly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sadly (in a sorrowful way)"
],
"links": [
[
"sadly",
"sadly"
],
[
"sorrowful",
"sorrowful#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sad/"
},
{
"ipa": "/saːd/"
}
],
"word": "sad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 21 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Colors",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Thinking"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "sad",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "seed",
"word": "seed"
}
],
"categories": [
"Early Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of seed (“seed”)"
],
"links": [
[
"seed",
"seed#Middle_English:_seed"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seed (“seed”)"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "sad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 21 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Colors",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Thinking"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "sad",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "saden"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of saden"
],
"links": [
[
"saden",
"saden#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "sad"
}
Download raw JSONL data for sad meaning in Middle English (9.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (5ee713e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.